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The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation was established by the Treaty of Prairie du Chien of 1830, which set aside a tract of land for the mixed-ancestry descendants of French-Canadian trappers and women of the Oto, Iowa, and Omaha, as well as the Yankton and Santee Sioux tribes. Located in part of the Indian Territory, which was later in the Nebraska Territory and then the state of Nebraska,〔Wishart, D.J. (2007) ''Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians.'' University of Nebraska Press. p 77.〕 the tract's eastern border was the Missouri River. The reservation extended west for . The north/south borders were between the Little Nemaha River to the north and the Great Nemaha River, near Falls City to the south.〔Wishart, D.J. (1995) ''An Unspeakable Sadness: The Dispossession of the Nebraska Indians.'' University of Nebraska Press. p 60.〕 In 1861 the Reservation was disbanded as a legal entity. The owners of plots were never required to live on the properties they had been allotted, and many eventually sold their lands to white settlers. Some white men married native women to get control of their property. One of the original survey lines has been followed (and identified) by the Half-Breed Road, which runs in a southeast direction from here. The descendants of some of these multicultural families still live in the area.〔("Half-breed tract" ), ''Walk Through Nebraska History.'' Issue No. 3. Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 12/5/08.〕 The Underground Railroad, a route staffed by volunteers' helping slaves escaped to the North, ran through the Reservation toward John Brown's Cave. This was its last stop, located north of the Tract.〔Sandage, S.A. (2006) ("Half-Breed Creek" ), Brown University. Retrieved 1/28/08.〕 == History == The Omaha and other tribes asked the government to set aside territory for their mixed-race descendants.〔 Under the patrilineal systems of the Omaha and Osage, children of white fathers had no place in the tribes, where children belonged to their father's gens. Seeking to help mixed-blood Indian descendants get settled in society, the United States government designated allotments of land in western territory for their use. These were known as the Half-Breed Tracts. Because of American Indian tribes' rules of descent and membership, European-American society's discrimination, and the distance that such mixed-race families lived from most European Americans, the children of unions between European fathers and certain Indian mothers were often left outside the social networks of both societies. Generally Indian women and their French-Canadian trader husbands and children lived under the protection of the women's tribes, but their descendants were not considered members of the tribes unless they were officially adopted, as they had white fathers, so were considered "white".〔( Melvin Randolph Gilmore, "The True Logan Fontenelle" ), ''Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society,'' Vol. 19, edited by Albert Watkins, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1919, p. 64, at GenNet, accessed 25 August 2011〕 The Omaha and Osage tribal structures were divided into two ''moitie,'' representing the Earth and the Sky. Each had five ''gentes'' or clans, considered to have been descended from an ancestor representing an element of each moitie. Each gens had a hereditary chief from the male line. Each moitie was represented by a head chief, and the two kept balance in the tribe. The clans had specific responsibilities related to their moitie. Children belonged to their father's gens, so within this structure, there was no place for children whose father was outside the culture, unless they were officially adopted into the tribe.〔〔Dennis McAuliffe, ''Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Murder and Greed on the Osage Reservation'', Times Books, 1994〕 At the same time, the European-American "tribe" of the majority of the United States considered the children to be Native American, because of their mothers, although the United States society was generally patriarchal, and patrilineal in terms of inheritance and descent. The United States government selected an allotment of land along the Missouri River bluffs, an area described as "too steep and tree-covered for farming, fit only for hunting." It was described in the Treaty of Prairie du Chien of 1830, confirmed by the Otoe, Omaha, Missouria, and other tribes and the government, which established the rules for the half-breed tract. The government identified a tract of approximately .〔(Lewis, H.M. (2004) ''Robidoux Chronicles: Ethnohistory Of The French-American Fur Trade'' ), Trafford Publishing, p 184.〕 The tract was located between the Little and Great Nemaha rivers (spelled ''Ne-me-haw'' on the map) in what became Nemaha County. By 1833 approximately 200 half-breeds lived on the designated land. It was not until 1854 that Congress authorized the reservation and the government established an eligibility list of potential landowners.〔 By 1858 the list had 445 names of people eligible to receive each. By then, however, non-Indian squatters occupied almost half the land and the government did not evict them. When allotments were finalized on September 10, 1860, each eligible person received .〔("Métis firsts" ), Manitoba Métis Foundation. Retrieved 8/9/08.〕 Louis Neal received the first patent to own land on the reservation. Owners were never required to live on their properties, and many eventually sold their lands to non-Indian settlers. One of the original survey lines is now partly marked by the Half-Breed Road which runs in a southeast direction from the Missouri River. Some of the descendants still live in the area.〔("Half-Breed Tract" ), Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 1/28/08.〕〔Foster, L.M. (1965) ("The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation, 1830-1860" ), Ioway Cultural Institute. Retrieved 1/28/08.〕 Since the land belonged exclusively to the Otoe prior to the exchange, the government worked to secure agreement by the Omaha, Iowa, and Yankton and Santee bands of Sioux to pay the Otoe $3000 for the rights of their "half-breeds" to live on the reservation. Original plans were for land ownership to be held in common, as other American Indian land titles were held. However, legislation included a provision allowing the US President to assign individual tracts to individual owners. In 1860, thirty years after the creation of the Reservation, the government moved to allot tracts to individual households, in an effort to force assimilation to European-American practices. This was the first time in the history of American acts and treaties that American Indians were allotted land in severalty.〔Foster, L.M. (1999) ("The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation, 1830-1860" ), Ioway Cultural Institute. Retrieved 8/9/08.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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